What Is Medical School Really Like

If youve been thinking about going to  medical school, you might be wondering just how you would spend your time as a med student, how hard it really is and whats required in a typical program. The short answer: You can expect a mixture of coursework, labs and clinical work that varies by year.   Year 1 The first year of medical school is focused only on classes and labs.  Expect to learn lots of basic science, anatomy, and physiology. Expect Labs and dissection. Anatomy will likely be the most difficult course you take, with about an hour’s worth of lecture to five hours of lab each week. You will be expected to memorize vast quantities of information.  Lecture notes are usually made available to help you take in the vast quantity of information. You’ll also be able to find supplemental notes online.  Expect to spend long days and nights studying. It is very difficult to catch up if you fall behind. Year 2 The  United States Medical Licensing Examination, or  USMLE-1, is taken by all medical school students. This exam determines whether you continue as a med student. Year 3 During the third year students complete clinical rotations. They become part of a medical team, but at the bottom of the totem pole, below interns (first-year residents), residents (doctors-in-training), and an attending physician (senior doctor). Third-year students rotate through the clinical specialties of medicine, learning a little bit of what each specialty entails. At the end of rotations, you will take national exams that determine whether you receive credit for your clinical rotation and even whether you continue in the program. Year 4 In your fourth year of medical school, you will continue clinical work. In this sense, it is much like year three, but you specialize.   Residency After graduation, you will continue training for at least another three years of residency  and possibly more, depending on your specialty. Personal Life as a Medical Student As a medical student, you can expect to spend a lot of time on your work.  On many days you will find that your entire waking experience is focused on your education, on classes, reading, memorizing and clinical work. Medical school is a time-suck that will leave you emotionally drained and exhausted most nights. Many med students find that their relationships suffer, especially those with  Ã¢â‚¬Å"civilian† non-medical student friends. As you might guess, romantic relations are just as difficult. Expect to be drained for cash and to eat a lot of ramen noodles. In other words, getting through medical school is hard – not just academically but personally. Many students find that it is worth the pain. Others come to see it as years wasted. As you consider medical school try to take off the rose-colored glasses and see what you’re getting into. Think about your motivation to be a doctor before making this significant financial and personal commitment. Make a reasoned choice that you will not regret.

4 MAT Book Review - 2301 Words

4-MAT Book Review Stephanie Leonard Liberty University Summary In Dr. H. Norman Wrights book â€Å"The Complete Guide to Crisis Trauma Counseling: What to Do and Say when it Matters Most†, which was published in 2011 focuses on how to counsel those in a crisis situation. The book begins by Dr. Wright discussing his personal life story of dealing with loss, crisis, and trauma. His story is the foundation of the subject in how to counsel someone and knowing when to refer a person to someone with more experience. The book aims at helping those who are experiencing life’s daily struggles with biblical principles and to encourage the individual to persevere through the hard times. Dr. Wright’s strongest point in the reading is†¦show more content†¦I never in my life imagined that I would go through something traumatic as suicide. I say that because I am a very happy person but sometimes even the happiest person is also hurting on the inside. I remember the day and time when the whole scenario occurred. I was home alone and very distraught with where my life was headed. I was in a mentally draining relationship and I felt absolutely low of myself. This was rare for me because I am a very outgoing individual, who barely cares about what others think about me. I was feeling excessively lonely, angry, tired, misused and drained from my current situation. It was like I felt all these emotions at once but nothing I would do could ease the pain. Suicide played in my mind all the time in this difficult period. Death seem so much easier to deal with but I was terribly wrong. I remember talking to my father before he passed and told him my intentions of not wanting to live anymore. My dad was very hurt by my words but at that moment I didn’t really care what others thought. I recall when he sat me down and asked me why I would want to end my life at such a young age. My mind wasn’t mentally prepared for that question because all I could think about was not being here anymore. I never gave him the answers, I just wanted to end the hurt and pain. I couldn’t tell him I wanted to kill myself over a boyfriend. He would have looked at me in such a daze and probably would have been confused by my actions. MyShow MoreRelated4 MAT Book Review Clinton1448 Words   |  6 Pages LIBERTY UNIVERSITY BAPTIST THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY 4-MAT Book Review 3 Submitted to Dr. Hyun â€Å"David† Chung Professor in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the completion of Lead 510 –B01 Biblical Foundations of Leadership by Joseph DeJesus March 7, 2015 Abstract In the book â€Å"The Making of a Leader† Clinton discusses what it means to be a leader. He gives us the formula of what it takes to become a leader. Clinton does a wonderful job at revealing theRead More4 MAT Book Review Banks And Ledbetter 2134 Words   |  9 Pagesï » ¿LEADERSHIP FROM A CHRISTIAN PERSPECTIVE A 4-MAT Book Review of Reviewing Leadership: A Christian Evaluation of Current Approaches by Robert Banks and Bernice M. Ledbetter Presented to Prof. Daniel Austin Liberty University LEAD 510 by Thomas V. Montgomery, III, Ed.D. 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Each review must be at least 3–5 double-spacedRead MoreSpiritual Discernment1139 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ 4-Mat Book Review of Williams Menendez’s Becoming a Professional Life Coach LIFC 502 Advanced Skills in Life Coaching Dr. Judith  Johnson October 1, 2012 Abstract Diane Menendez and Patrick Williams co-authored the book â€Å"Becoming a Professional Life Coach† (2007). Menendez is a master certified coach and Williams is a pioneer coach who founded the Institute for Life Coach Training (ILCT) (ICF Accredited). This book is intended for therapists andRead More4 Mat Review Essay1023 Words   |  5 Pages4 MAT Review Integrative Approaches to Psychology and Christianity Liberty University Jacqueline Langford 4-MAT Review: Integrative Approaches to Psychology and Christianity Abstract The integration of psychology and theology has become a hot topic since psychology began to integrate into a new part of society. Integrative Approaches to Psychology and Christianity argue ways that one can embrace psychology into the Christian world. The church has always been a dominant part of society. AsRead More4-Mat Review Nouwen1296 Words   |  6 Pages4-MAT Book Review Esther Gooding Liberty University Table of Contents Summary of book ------------------------------------------------------------------------------2 Concrete Responses -----------------------------------------------------------------------------4 Reflection -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5 Application ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6 Reference -----------Read More4 Mat Review of Integrative Approaches to Psychology and Christianity 2nd Ed.1309 Words   |  6 Pages4 MAT Review of Integrative Approaches to Psychology and Christianity 2nd Ed. COUN 506 Sherrita L. 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Arguing for the benefits of vegetarianism Free Essays

Be a vegetarian. It is all one can say to another to stay healthy. In the current world that human kind live in, it is very clear that many people have different problems in their bodies. We will write a custom essay sample on Arguing for the benefits of vegetarianism or any similar topic only for you Order Now Some people may have cancer, some may have flu and some others may be obese. About 8 million people die from cancer every year and considering the fact that Switzerland has a population of about 9 million people, this country would be wiped out to nothing if the cancer killings only occurred in Switzerland. A simple way of lessening the risk of catching cancer, or rather any kind of disease, is to be a vegetarian. People practice vegetarianism for various reasons. Some being health, religiously, economically and environmentally. But even with all the reasons combined, there still aren’t enough vegetarians to change the future of the world. If we were to be vegetarians, first of all we would be consuming less fat and cholesterol, decreasing the risk for us to get obese. With the advantage of not having too much fat in the body, we would have a less chance of getting cancer as well. Secondly, we would be consuming more beneficial nutrients and minerals such as carbohydrates, fiber and vitamins. The loss of protein can be replenished by consuming beans for vegetarians. The last reason that vegetarianism is good is because it is very environmental. When raising livestock in farms consistently produces CO2 from the animals, vegetables produce oxygen. Hence, it is very environmental although plants produce CO2 as well. The world would be living with less danger if everybody in the world were vegetarians. Also, the Earth would be less polluted than it is right now. But the problem is that in reality, it is not. A research page had a result showing that a mere 5% of the world’s population were semi-vegetarians. The number of pure vegetarians would be less. Many people in the world are not aware of the word ‘vegan’ which is the same term for vegetarian and most of the people know that being a vegetarian is good for one’s health, they just completely ignore that fact and carry on a meat-based diet because it tastes good. If people quickly learned that they could live longer by following a very simple process, it would finally be the time period of the human kind going against bacteria. We humans having the largest brains ever seen on earth have taken control of the earth for thousands of years but bacteria, having no brain at all have been controlling the earth for millions. A solution to this problem of not having enough conceptual awareness about vegetarianism can be very hard to find. Since it is impossible for one to force another to follow a plant based diet, the solution has to be something that triggers oneself to follow it on his own. A way to do this is to advertise the positive effects of vegetarianism. Another method, based on a fact of having unlimited resources, is to invent a technology that would make vegetables more attractive to eat. Most people who dislike vegetables say that they dislike them because they don’t taste very good. By solving the taste problem, we would have a lot more vegetable likers. Be a vegetarian. How to cite Arguing for the benefits of vegetarianism, Papers

Cell Phones Helping or Hurting free essay sample

Electronics and Teenagers There is new technology that has never been available to the youth before. The emergence of smart phones and mass social networking are accessible day in and day out. Starting high school can be an extremely stressful occasion, and grades become a top priority to many students. So, is the newest smart technology really making the students smarter, or is it hurting their grades? Things like cell phones, video games and computers are affecting the work ethics of teenagers. Electronic activities that are taken on by teenagers have been growing ever since the first imputer was thought up in 1822, the cell phone was invented in 1973, and in 1976, the development of the video game console. These electronics have become a time consuming, grade diminishing lifestyle among students. In education, the USA has dramatically fallen behind Asian countries in test scores. From the author of an article in the Anytime U. We will write a custom essay sample on Cell Phones: Helping or Hurting? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page S. Students Still Lag Globally in Math and Science, Rich Motor finds that In the United States, only 7% of students reached the advanced level in 8th grade math, while 48% of 8th graders in Singapore reached the advanced level. The difference is that the American students have grown up in a world of instant gratification. American students lack self discipline to go and study. It seems impractical when there are oncoming streams of stimuli on their electronics. Teens are proven to have less developed brains than adults, which meaner they have less ability to keep attention on a task that involves more concentration. They easily persuade themselves that the relaxing video game is more important than the future tests that need concentration and hard work. According to the supervisor of the OFFICE project in Niger, Mr.. Taunt Less states, Social media is a very powerful tool which most youths use negatively. Faceable is the main subject of the negative use of social media. Since Faceable was founded it has grown to 900 million users, high school students being the most involved of those. Teens are always worried about the information that Just showed up on their news feed. This makes it close to impossible to spend more than 10 minutes at a time studying. Teens cant get high test grades when their are only able to remember what peoples status were. The video game console has become a major alternative to the computer. The excitement offered in a video game and unlocking the achievements is very appealing to the modern teenager. Teenagers get sucked into the story line of the game and might even play all day. But, this need to finish the game in as short a time as possible will result in students skipping homework and staying home from school. Smartness have become popular to the middle class consumer with the production of the Apple phone in 2007. The semaphore incorporates the video game, cell phone, and computer into one secretive device. All kids will hide their smartness in their laps o play games and text their friends. This doesnt Just keep kids of all ages from school.

Physical, Human, and Economic Geography of Italians

Introduction Italy is located in continental Europe, in the South Central, to be specific. Its neighbors include France Switzerland and Austria to the north, Slovenia along the Alps, and the Italian Peninsula, the islands Sicily, and Sardinia to the south in the Mediterranean ocean. Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Physical, Human, and Economic Geography of Italians specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Italy is known in history as the home of some of the world’s most celebrated artists like Titian, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo and Botticelli among many others. In addition, Italy is well known for historical tourism structures such as the Leaning Tower of Pisa which is made from marble. The people of Italy speak Italian language. Most of the people are Roman Catholics. The people of Italy also engage in economic activities like merchandise, mining, tourism, fishing and many other activities. In add ition to this, Italians are well known for their fashion in cloth industry. This report discusses the physical, human, and economic geography of Italians. It also gives a brief description of Italy as a country. Historical Setting Italy is known to be the headquarters for the Roman Empire in ancient times. This is because its capital city, Rome, was used to rule a large portion of Western Europe. The country has always attracted foreigners from ancient Greek settlers to modern tourists. Artists, pilgrims, romantic poets and mercenaries were also frequent visitors of Italy’s major cities (Woolf 13). The Celts inhabited northern Italy especially along the Lombard valley. Other people who settled initially include the Etrurian people who settled in Tuscany. This was during the period in which Italy was not yet born. Characteristics of the population of Italy Most of the country’s population lives in cities and towns. The large population occupies northern Italy, the west coast in particular. The southern parts of Italy are more rural although not productive for farming activities due to climatic factors. The behavioral characteristics of the population, dates back from the seventeenth century when cities began to grow in number. Most administrative centers experienced a sharp growth while others stagnated at a particular size. Thus the increase in urban population caused a decrease in the size of the rural community (Woolf 57).Advertising Looking for research paper on geography? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Geographic Setting of Italy Italy covers a total area of 116,340 square miles, the islands of Sardinia and Sicily being included. Its population is 58 million people (How Stuff Works 4). The capital city of Italy is Rome. Italy also has several other major cities which include Milan, Naples, Genoa and Venice. The continental Italy is a peninsula in the Mediterranean Sea that is, it pro jects outwards from continental Europe into the sea. The republic of Italy encompasses two islands in the Mediterranean. The islands are Sicily and Sardinia. Due to political boundaries, the northern part of Italy is situated between the gulf of Trieste and the Rhone at its efflux from the lake of Geneva. Therefore, the Rhone, the Pennine Alps together with some parts of Adriatic Gulf and the Mediterranean Sea separate Italy from her neighbors France, Germany and Switzerland. The coast of Italy is composed of the Adriatic Gulf and the Mediterranean Sea up to the region where the Maritime Alps appear to end just near France’s frontiers (Brun 586). Generally speaking, most of the northern fertile areas are covered by the Po valley which receives and transports all the waters that come from the Apennines northwards. It also receives all the water that comes from the Alps towards the south. The river follows a parallel course with the Adige. The Adige enters the Adriatic by a se parate mouth with the Po. Geologic Setting of Italy A large part of Italy is covered by mountains which include the Alps. Most of the Alps in Italy are composed of the rock dolomite. Other mountains in Italy include the Apennine Mountains which dissects the middle part of Italy from north to southern parts thus separating the eastern and the western coasts of the country. South of the dolomite mountains lies the Po Valley. This is the basin of river Po. Italy has also been shaped by major geologic phenomena. Crustal subsidence occurred when Wurm Regression surface lowered within the Naples Bay. Glacial activities are also present in the northern parts of Italy. Seismic and volcanic activities also occur in Italy especially in the mountainous regions of Pozzuoli Bay (Dvorak Mastrolorenzo 5). The Apennines experience a lot of earthquakes together with volcanic eruptions which occur in the western parts of the Apennine slopes which also occur on several offshore islets. Active volcan oes include the Ve-suvius, near Naples; Mt. Etna on Sicily Island and the Stromboli which is located in the Tyrrhenian Sea.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Physical, Human, and Economic Geography of Italians specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Climate of Italy The southern parts of continental Italy have warmer temperatures than the northern parts. In northern Italy, temperatures can reach below freezing point during winters. Some parts of the northern Italy can also be covered by snow during the winters. The northern and central plains and river valleys have rich soils while the southern areas are hot and arid occasioned by violent which swell the rivers into threatening torrents (Woolf 14). The south east winds of the sirocco prevail in the Naples and in Sicily, and are more prevalent in winter than in summer (Brun 592). Natural Features of Italy Italy does not have enough natural features. There are on ly a few natural features like the natural frontiers formed by the Mediterranean. The Alps also from part of the physical geography endowed to Italy. The Alps are so expansive such that they cover four fifth of the country’s territory. The great Alpine Arc sweeps west to east from the Mediterranean to the Adriatic. The Apennines are very steep and they stretch irregularly down the entire length of Italy. The mountains in the Italian islands of Sicily and Sardinia do offer a great hindrance to cultivation (Woolf 13). Natural Resources of Italy Italy is well endowed with natural resources. The Alpine provides plenty of limestone for the country to mine and use in the construction industry. This is present in the valley of Pieva di Cadora. In the same valley is found lead and silver. The mountain of Gregni harbors iron oxide while calcareous rocks are found in Vicenza (Brun 592). Thus the mineral resources of Italy are Iron, Aluminum, Lead, Zinc, and Mercury as the metallic mi nerals. The non metallic minerals include Sulphur, Pyrites, Potassic salts, Feldspar, and Fluorspar whereas the fuel deposits include Lignite, crude oil and natural gas in form of methane (King 8). Industrial Setting of Italy There are a wide range of industries in Italy. Most of these industries are located in the northern parts of the country. Italy is known in the world for her fashion especially in clothes, shoes and furniture. Italy also manufactures motor vehicles, computers, and electronic gadgets. Rice is also produced together with wheat and other grains in the fertile Po valley. It is also worth noting that the finest meadows and the fattest cattle can be found in the same valley (Brun 589).Advertising Looking for research paper on geography? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition, Italy is one of the world’s largest producers of wine. These wines come from Friuli, Vicentino, Bolognese, and Montferrat. Italy also produces all the fruit trees that do well in the temperate regions of Europe like the Dyospyrus lotus. Animals in Italy exist in places which are related to the specific climatic and environmental conditions. The mountains are home for the lynx, the chamois, wild goat, ferret, the dormouse, and the lemming whereas the Apennines host porcupines, buffaloes. Domestic animals include the horses, the ass, the mule and the sheep. Conclusion Italy is a country in continental Europe which is also composed of the two major islands namely Sicily and Sardinia. Her northern parts are covered with mountainous features which are characterized by extreme weather conditions during the winters. Geologically, the mountainous areas are comprised of the rock dolomite. To the south lies the Po valley which is also the basin of river Po. Italy is one o f the countries in Europe which have a long history. Her artistic legends such as Titian and Giorgione contributed a lot in putting Italy on the global scene with their paintings. Italy is also endowed with natural resources such as Iron, crude oil and Lead which are considered as the major sources of Italy’s economy. Most of the population resides in the cities while a few are left in the country to do farming. Works Cited Brun, Malte. Universal Geography or a Description of All the Parts of the World On a new Plan: According to the Great Natural Divisions of the Globe: Accompanied with Analytical, Synoptical, and Elementary Tables, Vol. VII, Wells and Lilly- Court Street, and White, Gallaher and White. New York, 1829. Dvorak, John Mastrolorenzo, Giuseppe. The Mechanisms of Recent Vertical Crustal Movements in Campi Flegrei Caldera, Southern Italy, Colorado: Geological Society of America, Inc., 1991. How Stuff Works. Geography of Italy, 2010. 10th Nov. 2010. ttp://geography .howstuffworks.com/europe/geography-of-italy.htm King, Russell. The Industrial Geography of Italy, Australia: Croom Helm Ltd, 1985. Woolf, Stuart. A History of Italy, 1700-1860: The Social Constraints of Political Change. London: Methuen Co. Ltd, 1991. This research paper on Physical, Human, and Economic Geography of Italians was written and submitted by user Jayce Mcpherson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Same-Gender Adoption essays

Same-Gender Adoption essays Imagine youre a couple, deeply in love, committed to each other for life and desperately wanting children, only you cant have any. Why? Not because of what the average person might think. Its because youre a gay or lesbian couple, or, as many that are of the persuasion prefer to call it, same-gender couple. In todays world, where we are considered to be in an enlightened society, same-gender couples not only encounter the usual barriers because they want to be together, but its even worse when trying to fulfill their dreams of having children. There are legal issues surrounding same-gender adoption, as well as moral issues. With so many children looking for loving parents throughout the world, one might ask why NOT allow same-gender couples to adopt them. In an article written by Sean Cahill, all of the candidates for President in 2000 were asked where they stood on this issue. George W. Bush opposes gay men and lesbians serving as adoptive parents. When he was governor of Texas, he supported a bill which would bar gays and lesbians from adopting. He is quoted as saying Im against gay adoptions. I believe children ought to be adopted in families with a woman and a man who are married. Society ought to aim for the ideal, and the ideal is for a man and woman to adopt children (Cahill 25-26). In this same article, Al Gore states: We have a huge number of children who cannot find adoptive parents. Local adoption officials can evaluate the circumstances of the child and the parenting ability of prospective parents and decide if theres a good match. Gores spokesperson said that the vice president would leave gay adoptions up to adoption professionals on an individual basis (26). In a study at the Catholic University of America, the Marriage Law Project was conducted examining same-gender adoption f...

Shift from Industrial Relations to Employee Relations Essay

Shift from Industrial Relations to Employee Relations - Essay Example It covers a wide spectrum of industrial activities such as collective bargaining, trade unionisms, and worker's participation in management, discipline and grievance management and industrial disputes and interpretation of labor laws. It, therefore, refers to the collective relationship between the employer and employees on a set of employment relationship. But researches conducted at various places across the world have concluded that the validity of industrial relations as a concept is going to decline in the near future because of the necessity of more recognition of employees at the work place by employers. The employee-employer relation in the 21st century is going to have a new outlook because of the increased need for the recognition of employees at the work place either voluntarily or by the contemplation of law. The relationship between employer and employee experienced in the past, coined as industrial relations has declined over the last few years by virtue of reasons such as change in working condition and approach of trade union. The research undertaken by CIPD (Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development) in 2004-05 on the changing nature of employee relations in U K organizations reveal that "Union membership and traditional union-related personnel management work has declined enormously in the last 30 years, with no prospect of a sustained re-emergence, though the re-regulation of employment and the new Employee Information and Consultation Regulations are pushing employee relations back up the management agenda"Rationale for change in the outlook The reasons for the modern perspective of employee relationship are manifold. Over the past 20 years there have been many amendments in the employment legislations, change in the methods of selection, recruitment, training, remuneration, working condition, consultation etc. All these factors have contributed to a shift from industrial relations to employee relations. Also shift in the trade union image from the earlier industrial conflict has also helped in creating and maintaining a harmonious relationship with employers which opened up opportunities for greater involvement of employees. Another factor which caused a change in the treatment of employees by employer is the changing attitude of present day employees. The modern employees and employers have a psychological contract, which implies the unwritten perceptions of the employment relationship and the degree of trust, motivation and commitment involved. Employee Relation Employee Relations involves the body of work concerned with maintaining employer-employee relationships that contribute to satisfactory productivity, motivation, and morale. This approach towards the employees in a changing working environment should not be conventional nor is it adversely affects the employee performance. Modern employers unanimously agree with employee relations, although a few have different opinion. The new approach from employer perspective can be justified by the following: 1. Employee attitude and commitment are strongly associated with employee performance 2. Employee involvement and consultation appear to be more strongly associated with employee satisfaction 3. The ideal mechanism to be used for employee voice includes two-way communications, project teams and joint consultation through electronic

IT - Operation Aurora Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

IT - Operation Aurora - Research Paper Example This cyber security and the increasing cyber crime had been the greatest concern for the present as well as for the future generation. A study made in the year 2003 in the United States of America revealed that 31 percent of the respondents considered this cyber security as the second most concern after the misappropriation of the individual assets. Moreover over 15 percent among the respondents have experienced the threat of cyber security in the last two years facing a loss which most of them could not quantify in actual. However on an average measurement of the total financial cost for the last two years incurred in cyber crime valued to be about 812,318, US dollars (Smith, Grabosky, & Urbas, 2004, p. 15). Thus the paper focus on cyber security with the main focuses on Operation Aurora. Type of breach Viruses in the computer system, defacement or the alteration of the websites along with system crashes and redirection or even misappropriation of the resources of the system are som e of the breaches generally reported in regards to the cyber security (Smith, Grabosky, an Urbas, 2004, p. 15). Morgan Stanley underwent a "sensitive breach" where hackers attempted to enter its complex for six months, starting from June 2009 (Rashid, 2011). Circumstances of the occurrence of breach Operation Aurora is a large scale hacking that victimized even Google and Morgan Stanley along with about 200 other companies with most of their identities not yet revealed. They had made the breach occurring in Google public in the month of January 2010. However they kept the hacking of the company of DuPont secret. Fear of the affect on the investors of the company in revealing the hacking or the breach was the reason behind the secrecy maintained by the company to the public. The seriousness of the issue of this cyber hacking forced the white house in engaging a senate task force for reporting and investigating in the security issues of this cyber world. The recent trend of the online attacks in targeting the renowned international companies reveals the cyber insecurity of the corporate world. In order to prevent the dangerous trend from persisting and even increasing the companies have to undertake own initiative in ensuring steps for the security of their own data served online. According to the Whitehouse, theft and piracy are engaging in the transfer of wealth that is the biggest in the planet history and the victim companies stands on the ultimate losing end. Another incident of an attack launched in the year 2009 that had the Chinese base had targeted the energy companies. The security firm of McAfee reported the attack named as â€Å"Night Dragon†. However the identity of the targeted company was not disclosed by the report published by McAfee. But the emails of the company of HBGary Federal had with it the lists of the name of the targeted companies. According to the lists the companies were Exxon Mobil, Royal Dutch Shell, General Electric, Marath on oil along with ConocoPhillips and BP. (Liebowitz, 2011) Operation Aurora even imposes a break in the network security of the bank, Morgan Stanley. A company of cyber security working with the corporate bank had their very sensitive email stolen which indicates the experience of the hacking of the ‘China based hackers’

Georg Simmel and Walter Benjamin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Georg Simmel and Walter Benjamin - Essay Example Georg Simmel lived in Berlin the most part of his life, and this fact of his biography predetermined his views on modern urban life. In his best-known essay, The Metropolis and Mental Life Simmel â€Å"analyzes individual life in the context of modern, metropolitan life, contrasting the social forces and structures of urban life with those of traditional rural and small town settings†. In this work, Georg Simmel underlined that in conditions of the modern city and urban society an individual can successfully develop his skills and abilities, as the economic and political situation of modern and post-modern community promotes individual freedom and flexibility. But in the other hand in modern urban society an individual is under pressure of numerous factors and restrictions, as â€Å"the metropolis is a site or location for social life where the larger structures, forms of contact, and forces such as the money economy threaten ‘the autonomy and individuality’ of t he individual†. So, the situation in modern urban cities leads to the new politics of vision, when an individual has to perceive everything from the point of view of modern urban experience. Simmel underlined that â€Å"the city conspires to erase difference by assaulting the individual with an overwhelming and never-ending stream of visual stimuli†. This vision is inherent to the spacing theory of scientific rationalism, modern and post-modern experience which fills the space with giant cubic forms suppressing the consciousness of people and their freedom. Simmel asserted that "the urban eye must see fast and understand at a glance while walking among the crowd" (Erickson, 2001). All these features form a certain type of people living in large cities in post-modern urban atmosphere. In Simmel's opinion, our society consists of individuals who interact with each other, and this interacting forms features and specificity of our society: "While there is no perception of s ociety until individuals begin to interact, once formed by the interaction of individuals, the society affects the individuals as an outside force" (Crow Ch., et al., 2000). So, taking into account the modern development of such communication means as telephone, telegraph and the Internet one can say that our society has high level of interactions, and, according Georg Simmel, we have high level of social development. He also underlined that post-modern urban life destroyed differences, and people try to make differences inside themselves: "Precisely because conditions conspire to destroy difference, however, the individual feels herself driven to cultivate uniqueness and have it noticed" (Byram, 2002). Walter Benjamin's position is reflected in his main works The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction and Arcades Project. Benjamin considered modern urban

Medical ethics | An analysis

Medical ethics | An analysis Introduction: Medical ethics became one of the most important teaching modules in most of the medical schools especially in the last three decades particularly in US7 . Ethics defined as the study of morality, careful and systematic reflection on and analysis of moral decision and behavior4. Hence the medical ethics is the study of ethics related to medical practice. There are four primary principals for medical ethics where all basic medical teaching teaches to medical students. These are non-malfeasance, beneficence, justice and autonomy with sub sectional principals like truth telling and confidentiality.12 Now a days doctors are facing more ethical questions and dilemmas in day to day clinical practice, this can be partly   attributed to the increase in the knowledge of patients about their health from the media and internet . Studies showed that there is a strong relation between resolving ethical issues and medical errors especially in the area of informed consent and end of life care8. In addition, the court compensation for medico legal cases opened the door for public to find faults for doctors or the health systems to earn some wealth from it! All these made the teaching of how to handle an ethical issue and resolve it very essential to produce a competent skillful physician. Medical schools adopted different styles and methods for teaching medical ethics, it included didactic lecturing, small group seminars, case based discussion and simulated patient but without uniformity or consensus as to method or content7. This could be as a result of lack of agreement about what shall we teach in medical ethics7. At sultan Qaboose University, medical students have a one interdisciplinary  Ã‚   activity (IDA) week for medical ethics during their mid of fifth year. During this week speakers from different medical and surgical specialties present to the students a common ethical issues encounter. This week is also attended by Islamic scholar (Professor Albar) to comment on Islamic perspective in selective cases like abortion and end of life care . As co-organizer of the course I introduced the presentation of clinical cases by the student to the entire group. I asked each subgroup of the students to select a case where there is an ethical issue and reflect on what was done and how can we improve it. I found the reflect practice theory is very suitable for teaching of medical ethics because it stimulates the thinking and give the students the opportunity to analyze the ethical dilemma and how to resolve it. The Theory: The theory of reflective practice is attributed primarily to Donald Schà ¶n3, 5. In life and based on our knowledge and experience we take decision easily to events that we are expecting and used to experience. However when surprise or unexpected event take place, based on Schà ¶n theory, people develop two types of reflection to that event. The first one is Reflection in action and it occurs immediately.It is the ability to learn and develop continually by creatively applying current and past experiences and reasoning to unfamiliar events while they are occurring5. The second, reflection on action, occurs later. It is a process of thinking back on what happened in a past situation, what may have contributed to the unexpected event, whether the actions taken were appropriate, and how this situation may affect future practice 5. The reflection in action can be considered as an emergency decision in which the physician should take the risk of being mistaken, however, this type of d ecision should be appreciated by people in authority if later turned to be not the perfect way of handling it and that is because it was taken based on the inputs of that situation and surrounding circumstances unless it is clearly odd approach. In contrast, the reflection on action comes later when the physician finished all duties and started re-calling cases seen and decisions taken. At this point s/he will start to bring other options and thoughts that could serve the situation better than the ones taken. This extremely important because it enables us to spend time exploring why we acted as we did, what was happening in a group and so on13. In addition if this type of reflection done in group (Peer) will lead to even more reasonable and appropriate reaction to the surprise14. Since this paper discusses the teaching of medical ethics, the following example will illustrate this approach. A 32 years old pregnant lady in her 3rd trimester involved in car accident and sustained severe head injury , brought to the casualty and treating physician confirmed her death but noticed that the baby still kicking !. Limited experience and lack of awareness about the regulation of such the situation made it a surprise for the physician. He used his basic knowledge of saving life and decided to perform postmortem caesarian section (PMCS) and a second surprise came when the husband arrived to refused PMCS!! . Reflection on action for such case is extremely crucial to reach to an approach which is ethical, legal and satisfy the patient. It is usually reached when the case is presented to the peer and each one is discussing different perspective of the case. In the previous example the reflection on action could be asking a senior physician on duty be a good option for the c ase. Application: At college of medicine in sultan Qaboose University, medical students are divided in group each composed of about 10 to 15 students (Boys and Girls). Each group will be asked to prepare a clinical case seen in practice where there was an ethical issue (e.g. breaching confidentiality) and one or two of the group members will present the case to whole group during the medical ethics week forum. Students will be informed in advance about the objectives and strategies of this approach and each group will linked to a facilitator who is usually senior medical/paramedical faculty with experience of making difficult medical decisions6. The group will keep in touch with facilitator either in person or online (e.g. email) to show the contents, structure and suitability of the case for presentation and discussion. The facilitator will guide the students in selecting the case and how to formulate the ethical issue and its resolution and use steps in table-1 adopted from Catherine Myser.9, 11 S/he will also teach them some basic ethical principal like doctors should refrain from being judgmental, patronizing or minipulative2. S/he will direct them to the appropriate resources and personals whenever required. In Oman, many decisions of ethical dilemma are driven by Islamic teaching and this is very prevalent in medical field, hence students will be directed to Islamic scholars who have some medical background in order to help them understanding Islamic teaching in medical field. During the medical ethics IDA week forum, each group will present their case to the entire group in the presence of the facilitators. The presentation will be briefing about the case, the ethical issue, what was done, and how can we do better? More time will be given for discussion and comments by other students who are not member of the presenting group. The discussion will be regulated and guided by the facilitator supervising the presenting group. At the end of discussion the facilitator will re solve any argument and give the final comment summarizing the ethical issue and the best way to deal with it. Discussion: Medical schools around the world used different models in teaching medical ethics; the variation in selection of teaching model could rise from the availability of resources, number of students and curriculum design. For example, both university of Pennsylvania and university of Washington used small group facilitation and peer interaction while uniformed services university introduced a novel model called SCOOP which stand for Students Clinical Observation Of Preceptors11 . A SCOOP reverses the process of evaluation by giving the students evaluation form and ask them to evaluate the teachers. This gives them the opportunity to identify the teaching skills and methods reflect on them and hence acquire the appropriate one and avoid the other one. Shaheen and his group wrote in commentary about time to unified approach to medical ethics where he advocated for unified framework of ethics education justifying that it will   ensures measurable and accountable basis for the complex o f far-reaching ethical issues present in the medical field7 . However, it is difficult and impractical to unify the contents and materials of medical ethics for different parts of the world where there is a diversity of culture, believe and traditional values. That is because most of the ethical decisions are driven by these factors. For example, In Oman (and other Muslims countries) it is forbidden to drink any amount of alcohol as per the Islamic teaching, hence it is unethical to advice patient to drink alcohol as part of heart protection advice while the same advice can be carried out normally in non-Muslim country. However, I support the statement of Rameshkumar in his paper Ethics in medical curriculum when he said The structure of ethics education has to be closely monitored and the curriculum goals have to be well defined.10 The strength of this proposal is that there is national and international move toward teaching of medical ethics to both pre and post graduates students. Most of the senior physicians who did not have training in medical ethics realized that it made a gap in their qualification and they urge the new generation in order not to miss the chance. In Oman the support of the current and previous deans of college of medicine at sultan Qaboose University along with other many medical faculties will make this proposal overcome any obstacles. In addition, there interest of health care providers from different medical disciplines in any activities in medical ethics (workshop, seminars and lectures) will prepare the ground and the environment for the proposal to grow up at the university. This interest always clears during our annual medical ethics week where we get several requests from different institutes and departments asking for registration to the event although the week primarily designe d for medical students. The challenges that this proposal might face is the limited resources that include trained personals and teaching material. The later is easier to overcome since it merely financial and the college is ready to provide any recommended teaching material as long as there is a clear vision and mission of its utilization. In term of training personals, there are already two faculties sent abroad for master in bioethics. In addition, there are several faculties who has special interest in teaching of ethics, all these will make the overcome of human resources obstacles more feasible.  Ã‚   Recommendation: In order to implement this theory in teaching medical ethics to medical students I recommend the college to consider the following points: Identify and train people interested in teaching of medical ethics. The training should be for high degree ( Master , PhD ) and it is preferred to be in a center where culture and value of people are close to Oman. Provide teaching resources and materials to students. It should include textbooks, journals, video etc. Instruct the clinicians to integrate teaching of issues related to medical ethics in their daily patient care. Include assessment of medical ethics in the standard summative and formative methods of assessment in the college. Regular evaluation and audit of the program in order be developed farther .

Trail of Tears :: history

Trail of Tears The Trail of Tears, was it unjust and inhumane? What happened to the Cherokee during that long and treacherous journey? They were brave and listened to the government, but they recieved unproductive land and lost their tribal land. The white settlers were already emigrating to the Union, or America. The East coast was burdened with new settlers and becoming vastly populated. President Andrew Jackson and the government had to find a way to move people to the West to make room. President Andrew Jackson passed the Indian Removal Policy in the year 1830. The Indian Removal Policy which called for the removal of Native Americans from the Tennessee, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia area, also moved their capital Echota in Tennessee to the new capital call New Echota, Georgia and then eventually to the Indian Territory. The Indian Territory was declared in the Act of Congress in 1830 with the Indian Removal Policy. Elias Boudinot, Major Ridge, and John Ridge and there corps accepted the responsibility for the removal of one of the largest tribes in the Southeast that were the earliest to adapt to European ways. There was a war involving the Cherokee and the Chickasaw before the Indian Removal Policy was passed. The Cherokee were defeated by them which caused Chief Dragging Canoe to sign a treaty in 1777 to split up their tribe and have the portion of the tribe in Chattanooga, Tennessee called the Chickamauga. Chief Doublehead of the Chickamauga, a branch of the Cherokee, signed a treaty to give away their lands. Tribal law says "Death to any Cherokee who proposed to sell or exchange tribal land." Chief Doublehead was later executed by Major Ridge. Again there was another treaty signed in December 29, 1835 which is called The Treaty of New Echota. It was signed by a party of 500 Cherokee out of about 17,000. Between 1785 and 1902 twenty-five treaties were signed with white men to give up their tribal lands. The Cherokee would find themselves in a nightmare for the next year. In 1838 General Winfield Scott got tired of delaying this longer than the 2 years he waited already so he took charge in collecting the Cherokee. The Cherokee were taken from their homes and their belongings. The were placed in holding camps so none would escape. The Cherokee were to be moved in the fall of 1838. Trail of Tears :: history Trail of Tears The Trail of Tears, was it unjust and inhumane? What happened to the Cherokee during that long and treacherous journey? They were brave and listened to the government, but they recieved unproductive land and lost their tribal land. The white settlers were already emigrating to the Union, or America. The East coast was burdened with new settlers and becoming vastly populated. President Andrew Jackson and the government had to find a way to move people to the West to make room. President Andrew Jackson passed the Indian Removal Policy in the year 1830. The Indian Removal Policy which called for the removal of Native Americans from the Tennessee, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia area, also moved their capital Echota in Tennessee to the new capital call New Echota, Georgia and then eventually to the Indian Territory. The Indian Territory was declared in the Act of Congress in 1830 with the Indian Removal Policy. Elias Boudinot, Major Ridge, and John Ridge and there corps accepted the responsibility for the removal of one of the largest tribes in the Southeast that were the earliest to adapt to European ways. There was a war involving the Cherokee and the Chickasaw before the Indian Removal Policy was passed. The Cherokee were defeated by them which caused Chief Dragging Canoe to sign a treaty in 1777 to split up their tribe and have the portion of the tribe in Chattanooga, Tennessee called the Chickamauga. Chief Doublehead of the Chickamauga, a branch of the Cherokee, signed a treaty to give away their lands. Tribal law says "Death to any Cherokee who proposed to sell or exchange tribal land." Chief Doublehead was later executed by Major Ridge. Again there was another treaty signed in December 29, 1835 which is called The Treaty of New Echota. It was signed by a party of 500 Cherokee out of about 17,000. Between 1785 and 1902 twenty-five treaties were signed with white men to give up their tribal lands. The Cherokee would find themselves in a nightmare for the next year. In 1838 General Winfield Scott got tired of delaying this longer than the 2 years he waited already so he took charge in collecting the Cherokee. The Cherokee were taken from their homes and their belongings. The were placed in holding camps so none would escape. The Cherokee were to be moved in the fall of 1838.

Automatic Railway Level Crossing

AUTOMATED UNMANNED RAILWAY LEVEL CROSSING Abstract: In the rapidly flourishing country like ours, accidents in the unmanned level crossings are increasing day by day. No fruitful steps have been taken so far in these areas. The objective of our project is to provide an automatic railway gate at a level-crossing replacing the gates operated by the gatekeeper. It deals with two things. Firstly, it deals with the reduction of time for which the gate is being kept closed. And secondly, it provides safety to the road users by reducing the accidents.By employing the automatic railway gate control at the level crossing the arrival of the train is detected by the sensors placed near to the gate and transmits the information to the gate controller via wired or wireless. Hence, the time for which it is closed is less compared to the manually operated gates. The operation is automatic i. e. , error due to manual operation is prevented. By employing the automatic railway gate control at the leve l crossing the arrival of train is detected by the sensor placed on either side of the gate at about 3km from the level crossing.Hence, the time for which it is closed is less compared to the manually operated gates and also reduces the human labour. This type of gates can be employed in an unmanned level crossing where the chances of accidents are higher and reliable operation is required. Since, the operation is automatic error due to manual operation will be prevented. Once the arrival of the train is sensed, the sensed signal is sent to the microcontroller via, wired or wireless transmission and it checks for possible presence of vehicle between the gates.Subsequently, buzzer indication and light signals on either side are provided to the road users indicating the closure of gates. Once, no vehicle is sensed in between the gate the motor is activated and the gates are closed. But, for the worst case if any obstacle is sensed it is indicated to the train driver by signals (RED) p laced at about 1km, so as to bring it to halt well before the level crossing. When no obstacle is sensed GREEN light is indicated, and the train is to free to move. The departure of the train is detected by sensors placed at about 1km from the ate. The signal about the departure is sent to the microcontroller, which in turn operates the motor in reverse way and opens the gate. Thus, the time for which the gate is closed is less compared to the manually operated gates. Also reliability is high as it is not subjected to manual errors. Components : IR sensors or Vibration sensors, Microcontroller, L293D(driver IC), Stepper motor, Wireless Transmitter and Receiver, power supply. HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION Micro Controller Totally 40-pin DIP package manufactured withCMOS Technology. L293D (motor driver IC) Racially L293D 16DIP /ULN 2003 IC is used to drive the stepper motor. STEPPER MOTOR This is used to open and close the gates automatically when it is rotated clock wise or anticlockwise d irection. Stepper motor requires 500m amps current, so use the L293D drivers to drive the stepper motor. SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION Keil By 1. B. BHARATH KUMAR REDDY – 113004045 2. P SAMBASIVA RAO – 113004161 3. T. RANGA VINOD KUMAR – 113004207 4. T. SIVA NARAYANA REDDY – 113004205

Causas y consecuencias de negación de ingreso a USA

Causas y consecuencias de negacià ³n de ingreso a USA Cada aà ±o millones de personas que llegan a un aeropuerto de EEUU u otro punto legal de entrada como fronteras terrestres o puertos. Ms de 200 mil se encuentran con el problema de que son devueltos al lugar del que vienen. Este es un problema que afecta tanto a los extranjeros que viajan con visa no inmigrante como a los que desean ingresar a Estados Unidos sin visado por pertenecer a un paà ­s del Programa de Exencià ³n de Visas o, incluso, con una tarjeta de residencia permanente.   Y es que los à ºnicos a los que no se le puede impedir el ingreso en los Estados Unidos es a los ciudadanos estadounidenses, quienes tienen que presentar un documento vlido que acredite esa condicià ³n y permita el paso migratorio. En este artà ­culo se informa sobre cà ³mo es el control migratorio donde pueden surgir problemas, las razones ms comunes por las que se niega el ingreso a los Estados Unidos, cules son las consecuencias y una referencia a estadà ­sticas y a sistemas que permiten acelerar el paso migratorio. El control migratorio en los puntos de ingreso a los Estados Unidos Estados Unidos tiene un total de 329 Puntos de Entrada, lo que se conoce por sus siglas en inglà ©s como POE y que son fronteras terrestres, puertos y aeropuertos con controles migratorios internacionales. El control consta de dos partes, primero, uno migratorio y, despuà ©s, otro pero de aduanas. Para el migratorio se forman dos filas, una exclusivamente para ciudadanos a los que pueden acompaà ±ar sus familiares inmediatos extranjeros, y otra para todos los dems. En algunos casos es posible formar parte de programas que aceleran este paso, de lo cual se explica ms al final del artà ­culo. Como regla general, el control migratorio se demora entre 10 y 30 segundos. Es posible que se envà ­e a una persona a lo que se conoce como doble inspeccià ³n. No tiene que ser algo malo. Por ejemplo, todas las personas con advance parole pasan por esa situacià ³n.   Sà ³lo despuà ©s de haber obtenido el OK migratorio se pasa a la inspeccià ³n aduanera. Y ya a partir de ahà ­ se ingresa a los Estados Unidos.    ¿Por quà © son devueltos por inmigracià ³n desde los aeropuertos u otros puestos fronterizos legales? Las razones son varias destacando: En el caso especà ­fico de los residentes permanentes, puede que se llegue a la conclusià ³n de que no est residiendo en los Estados Unidos y ahà ­ pueden surgir muchos problemas. En todos los dems casos, puede suceder que la  visa se ha cancelado pero su titular no lo sabe. En los casos del Programa de Exencià ³n de visas si la persona ha estado previamente en USA y se ha excedido de los 90 dà ­as permitidos, ha perdido este privilegio y si viaja sin visa no se le dejar ingresar. Pero el caso ms comà ºn es que el oficial de inmigracià ³n sospecha que la persona tiene la intencià ³n de  quedarse en Estados Unidos o a buscar trabajo ilegalmente o lo ha hecho en el pasado. No importa que se tenga una visa en regla, ese oficial es el que tiene la à ºltima palabra. Recordar que de todas las visas temporales, incluida la de turista, solo las H-1B y las L son de doble intencià ³n, es decir, sà ³lo con ellas se puede tener la intencià ³n de emigrar. El oficial de inmigracià ³n ve en la computadora del sistema TECS que el extranjero es inadmisible para los Estados Unidos o inelegible para la visa que porta por cualquier razà ³n. Un ejemplo de esto à ºltimo es un turista que viene con la intencià ³n de casarse y quedarse en el paà ­s. El oficial de inmigracià ³n tambià ©n puede ver si la persona tiene pendiente una orden de arresto. Si es asà ­, eso es lo que va a pasar. Segà ºn los à ºltimos datos conocidos en un sà ³lo aà ±o fiscal se detuvieron a 24,000 personas cuando intentaban ingresar a Estados Unidos. En casos excepcionales, el oficial de inmigracià ³n puede permitir ingresar a USA a un extranjero sin los documentos necesarios. Ello es asà ­ porque le da lo que se conoce como un parole. Por ejemplo, a las personas que de un modo creà ­ble solicitan asilo en una frontera, puerto o aeropuerto. Quà © puede pasar en un control migratorio En la inmensa mayorà ­a de los casos, no pasa absolutamente nada y se ingresa sin incidencias. Pero para las personas que tienen problemas hay que destacar dos cosas: Primero, que en el control migratorio no se tiene derecho a abogado, excepto si se ha seà ±alado que una persona es objeto de una investigacià ³n criminal. Adems, las autoridades tienen derecho a registrar sin autorizacià ³n judicial previa el equipaje de cualquier persona y tambià ©n sus aparatos electrà ³nicos, como computadoras, telà ©fonos, tabletas, cmaras digitales, etc. Y segundo, cuando a una persona extranjera no se la deja ingresar hay que saber exactamente quà © pasà ³. Porque pueden darse situaciones tan diversas como: se permite una retira de la peticià ³n de ingresar y se pone en la visa I-275ocurre una expulsià ³n inmediataun residente firma su renuncia a la green card Si ha surgido un problema, lo mejor a partir de ahà ­ es consultar con un abogado migratorio para ver quà © pasos a seguir, segà ºn sea el caso de cada uno.  ¿Quà © tan problemtico es el control migratorio en Estados Unidos? Cada aà ±o, ms de 360 millones de viajeros, entre estadounidenses y extranjeros, cruzan un puerto de entrada al paà ­s.  De ellos, un poco ms de cien millones ingresan por aeropuertos, siendo el modo ms comà ºn de ingreso el cruce de una frontera terrestre. Aproximadamente, unos 320 mil viajeros no pueden ingresar, lo cual es un nà ºmero grande pero pequeà ±o comparado con el total.    ¿Es posible evitar las largas filas? En algunos puertos de entrada o en determinadas fechas las demoras para pasar el control migratorio pueden ser muy largas, particularmente en los puentes internacionales.   Existen diferentes tipos de programas que permiten ingresos ms rpidos que aplican a unos viajeros o a otros segà ºn nacionalidades y lugar de ingreso, pero merece la pena familiarizarse con esas posibilidades de ingresos acelerados, como Global Entry, Nexus o Sentri. Consejo Evita problemas en el control de aduanas conociendo quà © se puede ingresar y quà © est sujeto a ser declarado.

What We Take for Granted essays

What We Take for Granted essays People always say its the little things that we take for granted. Whether it be being able to talk with someone, or hold someone, or even just being able to tell what time of day it is. In Dalton Trumbos novel, Johnny Got His Gun, one really begins to understands what it would be like to have very simple things taken away from them. Joe Bonhame, finds himself tragically injured from the war. Over time he slowly begins to realize all of the things that he has lost. The first thing that he loses is his hearing. He was awake even though he couldnt hear a thing except a telephone that wasnt ringing. He was mighty scared(p9). At first Joe doesnt realize that he has lost his hearing and he is under the impression that there is actually a phone ringing somewhere, but, its really only in his mind. But once he realizes that he actually cant hear anything at all, he goes into a state of shock almost. The shock caused his heart to smash against his ribs. He grew prickly all over. His heart was pounding away in his chest but he couldnt hear the pulsing in his ear(p10). He then begins to think about all the things that he will never again get to experience. At first he thinks about all the bad things that he wont have to ever have to deal with hearing again. He never wanted to hear the biting little castanent sound of a machine gun or the high whistle of a .75 coming down fast or the slow thunder as it hit or the whine of an airplane overhead...(p10-11). But as he stops and really starts to think about what this all means, he then realizes all the little things that he has taken for granted; the things that he wants to hear again. His mother was singing the kitchen. He could hear her singing there and the sound of her voice was the sound of home(p15). Sadly though, Joe ...

The Final Solution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Final Solution - Essay Example The derivation of â€Å"The Final Solution† can be witnessed in the period between 1939 and 1941. The fruition of this genocide was based on the religious disparity existing between the Jews and the Christians. In the 1939s the Christian leaders witnessed a failure in demonstrating Jesus as ‘Messiah’ before the fellow Jews which indeed fuelled up the adversarial correlation among the two religious groups (Browning, C. R., â€Å"The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939-March 1942†). However, the antagonism among these religious groups was witnessed long before the plan was factually determined, i.e. in the 1919 in which Adolf Hitler played a grave function. It is worth mentioning that he was the most evident personality who grounded the need to destroy the Jews from the country with his â€Å"Jewish Question† (McFee, â€Å"When did Hitler Decide on the Final Solution?†). As he stated in 1919s in his letters, â€Å"Jews were a race and not a religion† and that it was quite important for the European government to abolish this race in order to attain â€Å"national strength† (Kershaw, â€Å"Hitler’s Role in the â€Å"Final Solution†Ã¢â‚¬ ). The ultimate execution of â€Å"The Final Solution† was planned in the Wannsee Conference in the early 1942. Reinhard Heydrich, who was recognized to be the second in charge of the RF-SS of Himmler, coordinated around 15 Nazi bureaucrats belonging to the top level of the Nazi society in the conference which was held in Berlin. These Nazi leaders were affirmed to execute the plan to abolish a targeted number of 11 million Jews from Europe, which shall be instigated from Germany (Zapotoczny, â€Å"The Final Solution†). Although the plan was instigated from Germany in 1942, it was extended to the added parts of Europe including Poland, Greece, Hungary, France and others. The plan came to an end in the year 1944. With the rapidly increasing number of deaths of Jewish people a rescue committee was set in Budapest titled as Jewish Rescue Committee. The committee proposed to settle a contract with the European government which stated that in return of large quantities of tea, coffee, sugar, war materials and other goods, the government would spare the lives of the rest 800,000 Jews left in Europe (Breitman and Aronson, â€Å"The End of the "Final Solution"?: Nazi Plans to Ransom Jews in 1944†). By the year of the winding up of the plan in 1944, almost 5,933,900 Jews were annihilated by the Nazi leaders amounting to 67% of the total Jew population (The American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise, â€Å"Estimated Number of Jews Killed in The Final Solution†). Undoubtedly, the entire act created a long lasting and profound impact not only on the social aspects of human lives, but also in the political, economical and military dimensions. In the 20th century, the rise of Nazi l eaders to sovereignty in the European continent headed towards the state-enforced racial discriminations. As a consequence, the economic environment of Germany, Poland and other nations of Europe had to witness terrific fluctuations. Several policies and anti-Jewish regimes were enforced in the period, such as â€Å"Aryanization†, â€Å"Night of Broken Glass† and others (United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, â€Å"The "Final Solution"†). The consequences of the so called â€Å"

Corporate Social Responsibility and Globalisation Essay

Corporate Social Responsibility and Globalisation - Essay Example The discussion mainly focuses on the ethical principles underlying social responsibility in the business world. Ultimately, this essay argues that CSR becomes more and more important as globalisation rapidly develops. Confronting the growing environmental issues in the current global marketplace, MNCs are aggressively or constructively taking part in strategic programmes towards resource management and environmental preservation. Dedication of global businesses to sustainable initiatives are motivated by several internal and external factors, such as social activism, technological improvements encouraging sustainable programmes, customer demand for ecologically friendly goods and/or services, and governments’ environmental policies (Wilson 2000). Concerns about the corporate social responsibilities have been the point of contention for decades. However, recently, a new approach towards the issue has emerged and prevailed (Lechner & Boli 2004). Both in the corporate domain and beyond it, there is far-reaching and mounting advocacy for the existing idea of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). ... A particular explanation for this may be the perception that global corporations are not as impregnable as they were believed to be in the past; hence, their operations can be controlled to profit society (Wilson 2000). According to Bomann-Larsen and Wiggen (2004), another explanation could be a perception that successful legal regulation of businesses whose operations reach outside national boundaries is unlikely, making self-regulation as the sole realistic, feasible option. Thus, MNCs should self-regulate in a way that promotes the wellbeing of the society and its citizens. CSR has been controversial for decades, and some aspects of the subject matter have been introduced by ethicists. This controversy has been broadened recently to encompass the practices of MNCs. Even nowadays, the long-standing issue still reverberates through the halls of international corporations across the globe: â€Å"If it is legal, does that make it ethical?† (Manakkalathil & Rudolf 1995, 29) The emphasis of the word ‘ethics’ can be related to views concerning what is moral and what is not; one description of ethics may be the explanation of what comprises human wellbeing and the actions needed to support it. The concept of ‘ethical norms’ is brought into play to characterise compliance to generally accepted moral codes (Sullivan 2002). Consequently, according to Sims (2003), these moral codes are ruled mostly by values, traditions, and behaviour that a society implements as parameters for interpersonal manners. Hence, corporate social responsibility is tantamount to societal norms and values, which then implies that MNCs should formulate objectives that are congruent to

HCCH Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

HCCH - Essay Example ne an opportunity to fulfill the mandatory responsibilities of classroom obligations regarding the learning process, but also helps one grow in their depth of character as a person. As a student pharmacist, I am required to complete a five-hour program of voluntary public service. For this portion of my education, I chose the Hancock Christian Clearing House (HCCH) in Findlay, Ohio. This organization’s purpose is to help those individuals and families, who for one reason or another, fall through the cracks of the usual government assistance programs. For example, some are homeless and cannot get aid without an address. The First Presbyterian Church took the initiative to establish HCCH in 1981 as an independent religious enterprise, which makes it a tax-exempt, not-for-profit organization. Today HCCH is a cooperative effort that involves forty-two churches in Hancock County. Their combined mission is to help those, who under ordinary circumstances, may not qualify for the assistance from regular charitable and other social organizations. For the most part, HCCH is an association run solely by volunteers, like myself, who interact directly with the clients in order to determine their needs and to assist them in finding a proper solution for their current situation. HCCH also provides training to the volunteers who need it, like myself, who may not have had any social services experience or training. The main source of funding for HCCH is donations and contributions made by the members of the many churches that are involved, as well as other individuals and companies. HCCH states that approximately $13,000 is disbursed monthly to those in need of it. HCCH provides financial emergency assistance, such as food, rent, utilities and medical prescriptions, to the residents of Hancock County (Local Mission Opportunities, 2009). HCCH recently received a grant of $25,000 to support classes, supplies, training, and wages for the â€Å"Partners in Progress† program awarded

My Philosophy change is a challenge Essay Example for Free

My Philosophy change is a challenge Essay I. Introduction Man needs philosophy in order to be able to think, act and live accordingly. It is a basic blueprint of a man’s actions from thinking, to interacting with others. The only thing that is constant is change. This saying is indeed true especially in the Philippine Education System. For every change implemented lies challengers on the part of the classroom teachers who portrays varied roles. The rapid changes in the world have made curriculum design even more difficult. to be globally competitive II. Aims of my Philosophy chosen There is a need to revise the curriculum from time to time for us to suit the needs of time. We should go on with the flow of life and we should revise it now because curriculum in the past is not anymore very effective or suited for today’s generation As pro active individual I consider Change as a challenge and not a threat. Meeting new challenges require the opportunity to take risks and try new ideas. As a learning individual change is inevitable to meet the needs of society. In a fast changing society education is one way to connect oneself to the past and to project into the future and therefore aims in Philosophy should be considered. III. Role of Philosophy chosen to Education Education and philosophy are closely tied together; both are associated with teaching, learning, and discovering. Philosophy is more of an all-encompassing part of life, though; education is a more specific form of it. Due to the contributions of philosophers over the centuries, education has developed into the powerful tool that it is today. Without philosophy, education would essentially not exist. That said importance of philosophy in education is in fact the foundation in which all academic teaching and intellectual learning is built off. IV. Role of Philosophy to the content development 1. It guides everyone to plan collaboratively for school change to meet the learner’s diverse needs 2. It serves as a vehicle to open new ideas for positive outcomes 3 It strengthens the goals on meeting challenges for a fully functional learner. Language is dynamic as well as the curriculum. We have different curriculum in the past and in the present. We are now in a globally competitive world. A world that also needs competitive teachers and students. So, how will you become competitive if your curriculum is traditional? And is not aware of the new trends of teaching today? Students now are fond of using computers. They will probably choose going to the computer shop than going to school. As a teacher, what will you do? Don’t be a boring teacher! An effective way of solving this kind of phenomena is that the teachers must use technology in teaching. Make it as your partner in delivering a lesson so that the students will not get bored. Make a teaching-learning process lively and meaningful. Teaching and learning give life and meaning to the curriculum because this is the process wherein the teacher and the students interact with each other interchangeably or vice versa. If there is an effective teaching-learning process, it’s really a big help to the curriculum. It’s a big honor because each complements and supplements each other. The value placed in teaching will reap the same value in learning. Thus, a good curriculum can be judged by the kind if teaching and the quality of learning derived from it. The most important thing to keep in mind about strategic content development is that it’s truly an improvisational process. The reason why you want to identify as many viable options for potentially remarkable content is simple: You’ll almost certainly need to make adjustments on the process, and it’s easier to do that when you’ve already identified alternatives. So, the final aspect of strategic content development is to constantly evaluate what happened along the way, and why. The most valuable lessons are often found in the things that didn’t work, so treat it all as a learning experience that keeps your content constantly fresh and worth talking about. V. Significant effect of this curriculum development to the current trends in attaining universal truth in Educational Process In 2012 Deped’s K 12 Program goes full blast. Brother Armin Luistro has described the implementation of the universal primary or pre-school education in the Philippines as the â€Å"defining moment† in the administration of President Aquino as it seeks to implement reforms with deep impact on the welfare of Filipino children and the youth. DepEd’s enhanced curriculum aims to meet the overall objective of preparing children for productive work, either as employees or entrepreneurs, while maintaining its current academic thrust It seems that the President is rushing this program before his term ends. If this program is not implemented well, we might not achieve our real objectives. And all we have done is to disrupt the whole system. Changing programs and implementing new ones is not cheap. Will the next President change the system again? In a survey conducted by SWS from Aug. 24 to 27 last year showed growing acceptability of the key features of the K-12 program compared to survey results in March 2012. About 72 percent of Filipino adults believe that K-12 will give students more sufficient knowledge and preparation for work and college compared to those who finished 10 years of basic education, garnering a net rating of +48, up from +35 last March. The percentage of Filipinos who believe that more students will be encouraged to finish the two-year SHS because it is equivalent to two years of college hit 69 percent, or a 10- point increase from 59 percent in March. The results showed that 68 percent of Filipinos with a net rating of +39 believe that more students will finish SHS even with the additional cost and number of years because K-12 graduate will be better prepared for work, higher education, and business. The results of the survey did’nt even reach 75% which means some are not amenable to the new program. Although the selling point of K to 12 is the assurance that graduates of Senior High School will be able to work immediately, even before or without seeking a college degree Under certain circumstances, it is possible to revise only the high school curriculum. Even in this case, we have to wait until those already in First Year have finished Fourth Year (under the present system). After drawing up a curriculum on paper (including such things as expected competencies, prerequisites, qualifications, learning areas, scope, coverage, and outcomes), curriculum designers have to think about the textbooks and other instructional materials that will have to be created for the new or revised subjects. Although teacher training is a separate process, curriculum designers also have to give pointers on how teachers should be trained to handle the subjects. There also has to be some way to determine if and when the curriculum needs to be revised; this is called program assessment or evaluation. Because of abrupt implementation teachers are really having a hard time coping with the changes not to mention the lack of classrooms, instructional materials and the real physical situation of the learners. If the government can financially sustain the program without adding too much burden on parents, it’s worth giving it a try. However, nowadays, most of the students are the happy-go-lucky types who do not regard education as their priority. They’d rather bum around in malls or stay glued to computers. As a result, most graduates are half-baked, who can’t even write or speak good English, unlike the students of yesteryears. Before, a Grade 6 pupils then could already teach. An additional two years to the basic education curriculum could spell two more years of burden to poor parents who could hardly send their children to school. Before full implementation, there usually is a year-long pilot to debug the curriculum, as well as a longer transition period within which some students will be following the old curriculum and some following the new. Curriculum should not only focus on the tools necessary to develop reasoned and logical construction of new knowledge in our various fields of study, but also should aggressively cultivate a culture that nurtures creativity in all of our learners. This point seems particularly important.

Synthesis and Purification of Nitrophenols

Synthesis and Purification of Nitrophenols Abstract Ortho and para-nitrophenol was synthesized using an electrophilic aromatic substitution of phenol and dilute nitric acid. Isolation of the crude product used a dichloromethane followed by a short vortex and sodium sulfate for water removal. Separation of the ortho and para products was completed using column chromatography to collect the eluent in ten vials; vials #1-5 collected o- and vials #6-10 collected p-nitrophenol. Thin layer chromatography confirmed synthesis of o-nitrophenol collected in vial #3, 4 and 5 and p-nitrophenol in vial #7.1H NMR showed o-nitrophenol being the spectrum with more peaks, due to the asymmetric structural difference creating more nuclear environments for the proton to participate in. Introduction Phenols, due to their rich electron density, are highly susceptible to undergo electrophilic substitution reactions. The hydroxyl group on the aromatic ring of the phenol promotes charge delocalization; thus, allowing for stabilization through resonance.   One such electrophilic substitution reaction is that of nitration. First, an electrophilic attack of the phenol takes place, resulting in a carbocation intermediate stabilized by resonance1. Next, the nitronium ion nitrates the phenol ring, producing p-nitrophenol and o-nitrophenol (Figure 1). The hydroxyl group of the phenol is an ortho para director; therefore, the meta isomer is not produced. However, by products such as 2,4-dinitrophenol and 2,4,6,-trinitrophenol may be present in excess amounts of nitric acid. Once nitration is complete, the crude product can be purified through column chromatography and monitored through TLC. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) is a chromatographic technique used to separate the components of a mixture using a thin stationary phase. TLC functions on the same principle as all chromatography: a compound will have different affinities for the mobile and stationary phases and this affects the speed at which migrates2. After a separation is complete, individual compounds appear as spots separated vertically. Each spot has a retention factor (Rf) which is equal to the distance migrated over the total distance covered by the solvent. The Rf formula is2 In this experiment the difference in Rf values will allow for identification between o- and p-nitrophenol. When comparing two different compounds under the same conditions, the compound with the larger Rf value is less polar because it does not stick to the stationary phase as long as the polar compound, which would have a lower Rf value2. Column chromatography is a useful analytical technique for small-scale separation and purification using similar principles as TLC3. The polar, stationary phase remains either silica gel or alumina and the mobile phase can be dichloromethane (DCM)/hexane or DCM/ethyl acetate depending on the polarity of the sample. Therefore, the more polar isomers will adsorb to the silica gel and take longer to elute than the less polar isomers3. In the above reaction, the ortho product should elute first as it is less polar than the para product. Results Total percent yield using mass values Table 1 Table 1: Mass of fractions #1-10 Vial Number Empty Clean Vial (g) Dry Vial Weight (g) Product only (g) 1 13.3497 13.4663 0.1166 2 13.3357 13.337 0.0013 3 13.1605 13.1608 0.0003 4 13.0819 13.3543 0.2724 5 13.2054 13.3147 0.1093 6 13.2838 13.6743 0.3905 7 13.2007 13.5176 0.3169 8 13.0464 13.0977 0.0513 9 13.3157 13.4682 0.1225 10 13.5818 13.8376 0.2558 Table 2. 1H NMR spectrum of o-nitrophenol Atom Atom is part of a group Peak multiplicity Peak observed (ppm) Peak calculated (ppm) A Hydroxyl Singlet 10.7 10.84 B Arene Doublet 7.15 7.07 C Arene Triplet 7.0 6.59 D Arene Doublet 8.2 8.00 E Arene Triplet 7.6 7.22 Table 3: 1H NMR spectrum of p-nitrophenol Atom Atom is part of a group Peak multiplicity Peak observed (ppm) Peak calculated (ppm) A Arene Doublet 8.15 8.24 B Arene Doublet 6.8 7.0 C Hydroxyl Singlet 5.45 6.0 Table 4: IR spectrum of o-nitrophenol Functional Group Molecular Motion Observed Wavenumber (cm-1) Literature Value Range2-4 (cm-1) Peak Intensity Peak Shape Aromatic alcohol O-H Stretch 3240.31 3550-3500 Weak Broad Aromatic C=C C=C Stretch 1613.37 1600-1430 Medium Sharp Aromatic nitro NO2 Asymmetric Stretch 1530.13 1540-1500 Medium Sharp   Ã‚   Aromatic nitro NO2 symmetric Stretch 1471.31 1370-1330 Medium Sharp Table 5: IR spectrum of p-nitrophenol Functional Group Molecular Motion Observed Wavenumber (cm-1) Literature Value Range2-4 (cm-1) Peak Intensity Peak Shape Aromatic alcohol O-H Stretch 2999.35 3550-3500 Weak Broad Aromatic C-H In plane C-H   bending 1259.93 1275-1000 Medium Sharp Aromatic nitro NO2 Asymmetric Stretch 1517.92 1540-1500 Medium Sharp Aromatic nitro NO2 Symmetric Stretch 1326.38 1370-1330 Strong Sharp Aromatic C=C C=C Stretch 1600 1600-1430 Medium Sharp Figure 2: TLC plate A  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Figure 3: TLC plate B Table 6: Rf values Compound Retention Factor (Rf) Relative Polarity o-nitrophenol 0.93 Less polar p-nitrophenol 0.07 More polar Discussion In this experiment a nitrophenol synthesis was carried out. The total percent yield is 42.7% as evident in Equation 2. Equations 2 and 3 show o-nitrophenol yield being 54.66% and p-nitrophenol being 45.34%. It could be assumed that not all of the organic matter was collected during the crude isolation phase. Two TLC analyses were performed to further determine the identity of o- and p- nitrophenols. The analysis on plate A determined that the fractions collected correspond to o-nitrophenol. This was concluded based on the distance the spots traveled up the plate. The o-nitrophenol complex is less polar than both the silica gel on the TLC plate and the p-nitrophenol complex. Therefore, it was expected to travel further up the plate. The fractions collected on TLC plate B correspond to p-nitrophenol; this complex is polar and adheres to the polar silica gel of the plate. The Rf value (retention factor) obtained for o-nitrophenol is 0.93. The Rf value obtained for p-nitrophenol is 0.07. Compounds with larger retention factors are less polar as they do not stick to the polar solvent. The fractions collected on plate A are all pure as only one spot is observed per lane. Lanes 1 and 2 do not show any spots because the fractions were collected too early and no product exists. The only pure frac tion collected on plate B is the one in lane 7. Lanes 8, 9, and 10 each have multiple spots suggesting that by-products are present. Lane 6 does not have any spots meaning that only solvent, not product exists. To confirm the identity of the product, 1 H NMR spectroscopy were used. The 1 H NMR spectrum of p-nitrophenol it is easily distinguishable because it contains only 3 observed peaks- A, B and C at 8.15 ppm, 6.8 ppm and 5.45 ppm accordingly. Peak A is a doublet and belongs to the protons adjacent to the deshielding nitro group. The proton pair adjacent to the hydroxyl group show a doublet signal at 6.8 ppm on the spectrum. The singlet showing lack of splitting must belong to the hydroxyl group, but it is far below expected values of around 10 ppm4. This is due to the intermolecular hydrogen bonding in this compound. The spectrum for o-nitrophenol has five observed peaks. The hydroxyl group is just above 10.5 ppm, which is in normal range. Peak D which is a doublet belongs to the proton closest to the nitro group at 8.2 ppm. The triplet directly across the nitro group peak E has a values of 7.6 ppm. This value generally would be expected at 7.0 ppm, but the ortho and para positions are more deshielded due to the resonance structure observed in Figure 4 and 5. Comparing resonance structures of p-nitrophenol and phenol explains why pnitrophenol is more acidic (Figure 4, Figure 5). Phenol can donate an electron pair to the aromatic system from the hydroxide group. P-nitrophenol has a ring deactivating nitro group that withdraws electron density from the aromatic system. This allows the hydroxyl proton to be removed because of the partial positive charge on that side of the system. The conjugate base is then stabilized by the nitro group taking away an electron pair from the negatively charged oxygen to form a double bond with the ring system. The stable conjugate base means that it cant form a new bond with the free proton, thus making p-nitrophenol more acidic than phenol. However with phenol, there is no electron withdrawing group, allowing oxygen to retain its negative charge. The conjugate base formed is very unstable and will immediately bond with any available proton. Also, o-nitrophenol has the nitro group in close proximity to the hy droxyl, thus allowing for intramolecular hydrogen bonding to occur. This slightly lowers the acidity of o-nitrophenol compared to pnitrophenol because the hydroxyl proton is made unavailable by the negative oxygen on the nitro substituent. Whereas in p-nitrophenol, intermolecular bonding occurs between other p-nitrophenols contributing to the overall stability of the compound. The IR spectrum of o-nitrophenol was given; however, the IR spectrum of p-nitrophenol was obtained experimentally. The IR spectrum for o-nitrophenol shows the following stretches: O-H stretch; C=C stretch; aromatic NO2 asymmetric stretch; and an aromatic NO2 symmetric stretch. The O-H stretch is caused by the hydroxyl group on the phenol ring. The observed value is 3240.31 cm-1; this corresponds to the literature value range of 3550-3500 cm-1. The peak was broad and exhibited strong intensity. The C=C stretch is caused by the aromatic ring of the phenol. The observed value is 1613.37 cm-1; this corresponds to the literature value range of 1370-13130 cm-1. The peak was sharp and exhibited medium intensity. The aromatic NO2 asymmetric stretch is caused by a nitro group. The observed value is 1530.13 cm-1; this corresponds to the literature value range of 1540-1500 cm-1. The peak was sharp and exhibited smedium intensity. The aromatic NO2 symmetric stretch is also caused by the nitro gr oup. The p-nitrophenol IR spectrum exhibited many of the same peaks. The observed peaks are as follows: O-H stretch; C-H bending; aromatic NO2 asymmetric stretch; aromatic NO2 symmetric stretch and C=C stretch. The O-H stretch is caused by the hydroxyl group on the phenol ring. The observed value is between 3726.38 and 2999.35 cm-1; this corresponds to the literature value range of 3550-3500 cm-1. The peak was broad and exhibited weak intensity. The C-H in plane bend is caused by the aromatic ring of the phenol. The observed value is 1259.93 cm-1; this corresponds to the literature value range of 1275-1000 cm-1. The peak was sharp and exhibited medium intensity. The aromatic NO2 asymmetric stretch is caused by a nitro group. The observed value is 1517.92 cm-1; this corresponds to the literature value range of 1540-1500 cm-1. The peak was sharp and exhibited strong intensity. The aromatic NO2 symmetric stretch is also caused by the nitro group. The observed value is 1326.38 cm-1; this corr esponds to the literature value range of 1540-1500 cm-1. The peak was sharp and exhibited medium intensity. Conclusion The synthesis of o- and p-nitrophenol was performed using an electrophilic aromatic substitution of a nitro group in dilute acidic conditions. This was followed by column chromatography to separate the o- and p forms and TLC to confirm that the synthesis and purification was successful. The capture of o-nitrophenol and of p-nitrophenol was successful due to having product in vials #3,4,5 and 7 as seen on the TLC plates (Figure 2 nand 3). IR spectra of o- and p-nitrophenol also confirm a successful synthesis due to the differences in the aromatic OH streches (Table 4, Table 5). The experiment may be considered a success because of the differences between the IR spectra confirming the synthesis of o- and p-nitrophenol. The IR spectra may be improved by more homogenous packing of the column. Also, waiting to collect a darker yellow elute may have increased yield of o-nitrophenol due to not capturing only solvent in vials #3-4. References Stawikowski, M. Experiment 5: Synthesis and Purification of Nitrophenols; BlackBoard. Touchstone, Joseph C. Practice of thin layer chromatography. 2nd ed. New York: Wiley, 1983.Print Smiley RA Ullmanns Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. John Wiley and Sons . Richards, S. A., and Hollerton, J. C.. Essential Practical NMR for Organic Chemistry (1). Hoboken, GB: Wiley, 2010, 2.

Victors Destruction in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein Essay -- Frankenst

Victor's Destruction in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein Mary Shelley, in her book Frankenstein, makes several allusions to the fact that Victor Frankenstein is usurping the role of God in bringing his creature to life. The point of the book seems to be that a human who attempts to usurp the role of God will be heavily punished. Victor Frankenstein is severely punished. He loses everyone he loves before perishing himself in the arctic wastes. But did he really "play God" or did he merely unleash his own id and destroy himself? Allusions to Frankenstein's identification with God are sprinkled liberally throughout the book. From an early age Frankenstein identifies himself with God through his study of metaphysics. "It was the secrets of heaven and earth that I desired to learn (23)," Frankenstein says. From an early age it was the metaphysical secrets of life and death that obsessed Frankenstein. It was this interest that led him to study the alchemists. A choice that he believed brought about his own downfall. Frankenstein fears for his sanity. He exhorts us more than once to "remember that he is not recounting the visions of a madman (37)." Yet he fears so much that he will be thought mad that he doesn't reveal that his creature killed William, even though it means the death of Justine, who was wrongly convicted of the murder. Frankenstein protests his own sanity so strenuously throughout the book that one begins to wonder if he is, in fact sane. The image of Frankenstein as God is reinforced in the dialog between Victor and the creature when they meet on the summit of Montanvert (Chapter 10). The creature says: I am thy creature, and I will be even mild and docile to my natural lord and king if thou wilt also perfo... ...d friend, and the destined mate -- rivals for the affection of his parents and for success. It is significant that Frankenstein, although he knows of the creature's threats, does nothing to protect Elizabeth on their wedding night. In this way he is complicit in her death, and in his own destruction. Frankenstein spends the rest of his life chasing the creature. He seems to want to confront and kill him, but it is not destined to be. In reality Frankenstein ostracizes himself from human society, even traveling to the uninhabitable North Pole. He never catches his creature. Instead he wears himself out, dying more of guilt and exhaustion than anything else. The creature, freed by Victor's death, retreats from the inhabited world searching for the death that he hopes will bring him relief. Works Cited Shelley, Mary, Frankenstein. (Bantam Classics, NY), 1981.